True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or
false.
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1.
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Among
food foragers, men make the largest contribution to the food supply.
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2.
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Pig
sacrifice among the Tsembaga is an example of wasted resources.
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3.
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A
society's religious beliefs are usually irrelevant to understanding its subsistence
practices.
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4.
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The
home ranges of many food foraging societies could support between three and five times as many people
as they did.
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5.
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Because
a society is a stable one, it does not mean that it is also static.
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6.
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Swidden
agriculture is more efficient in its use of energy than modern Canadian agriculture.
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7.
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As
anthropologists have come to understand the traditional practices of indigenous peoples, the more
they think their thinking is irrational and illogical.
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8.
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There
was relatively little change in the culture of Native American Indians in northwestern New England
and southern Quebec between 3500b.C. and the seventeenth centurya.D.; the main reason for this was a
successful adaptation to the environment.
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9.
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Food
foragers share food, but they are usually careful to see that gifts are reciprocated by exact
equivalents.
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10.
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Food-foraging societies are considered primitive because they did not progress to a
higher level.
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Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
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11.
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Ninety
percent of all people who have ever lived used ___________ as their subsistence
strategy. a. | horticulture | b. | slash-and-burn agriculture | c. | pastoralism | d. | food foraging | e. | cannibalism | | |
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12.
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The
process by which organisms modify and adjust to their environment and thereby survive more
effectively is ______________. a. | adaptation | b. | accommodation | c. | adjustment | d. | assimilation | e. | acculturation | | |
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13.
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The
groups referred to as food foragers must live where there are naturally available food sources; thus,
they _____________. a. | remain in permanent settlements | b. | move above once every ten years | c. | move frequently | d. | adopt farming whenever they can | e. | prefer to live in cities | | |
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14.
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The
Bakhtiari are _______________________. a. | a horticultural society which has exploited its environment
by a slash-and-burn technology | b. | a pastoral society which revolves around two seasonal
migrations in search of better grazing lands | c. | an agricultural society in Mexico that was conquered by H.
Cortez | d. | a New Guinea
pig-raising society | e. | a hunting-and-gathering society in
Pakistan | | |
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15.
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Richard
Lee points out that the Ju/'hoansi usually move not only when their food supply is exhausted, but
also when their _____________ is exhausted. a. | stamina | b. | supply of arrow poison | c. | patience | d. | salt | e. | firewood | | |
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16.
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Among
food-foraging peoples, once a child is born, its mother nurses it on demand, and this continues over
a period of as many as ______________. a. | four or five months | b. | four or five weeks | c. | four or five years | d. | one or two years | e. | 12 months | | |
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17.
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A
people's cultural adaptation consists of a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that allow
them to ______________. a. | progress | b. | survive | c. | flourish | d. | mature | e. | succeed | | |
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18.
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Among
______________ populations, redistribution of people is an important mechanism for regulating social
density, as well as assuring that the size and composition of local groups is suited to local
variations in resources. a. | peasant | b. | pastoral nomad | c. | food-foraging | d. | urban | e. | agrarian | | |
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19.
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Pastoralists__________________. a. | have deep emotional attachments to their way of
life | b. | like pastoralism
because it guarantees a high return at little risk | c. | are eager to abandon pastoralism because it is so
difficult | d. | are usually
unaware of other modes of subsistence | e. | never grow crops | | |
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20.
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Blackfoot women, in addition to gathering wild plant
foods____________. a. | were responsible for the everyday functioning of the
camp | b. | could gain status
from their skill at tanning hides | c. | were gifted artists | d. | all of the above | e. | both a and c but not b | | |
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21.
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Plains
societies like the Blackfoot were somewhat unusual among foragers because a. | they were not efficient hunters | b. | the women hunted as frequently as the
men | c. | the introduction
of the horse led to a stratified society | d. | their society was characterized by complete gender
equality | e. | they preferred
fish to meat | | |
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22.
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_____________ is a form of farming that typically requires irrigation, plows and draft
animals a. | swidden
farming | b. | pastoralism | c. | horticulture | d. | intensive agriculture | e. | shifting cultivation | | |
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23.
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Sickle-cell anemia illustrates that a particular trait may be neither bad nor good in
itself; whether this trait is adaptive depends on the relationship between the organisms that have
the trait and their particular _________________. a. | technology | b. | subsistence economy | c. | adaptation system | d. | environment | e. | ecosystem | | |
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24.
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Crop
growing most likely arose__________________. a. | as a sudden discovery, which people realized could improve
their lives | b. | in societies where
men, who are more inventive than women, took over food gathering | c. | gradually and unintentionally, as an outgrowth of the
knowledge of food gatherers | d. | because foraging inevitably leads to deprivation, leading
people to seek a better mode of subsistence | e. | as an attempt by women to reduce their work
load | | |
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25.
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Horticultural societies typically _________________. a. | are associated with small, highly mobile
bands | b. | are associated
with multifamily kinship groups, often linked through unilineal descent | c. | are associated with weak family ties and an emphasis on
individualism | d. | are associated
with the development of large urban settlements | e. | are associated with matrilineal but not patrilineal
descent | | |
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26.
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The
most important factor in regulating population size among the ____________ seems to be prolonged
nursing of infants. a. | Mekranoti | b. | Bakhitari | c. | Montagnais-Naskapi | d. | Ju/'hoansi | e. | Comanche | | |
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27.
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In
food-foraging societies the only status differences are age and sex; thus, these societies are
_______________. a. | democratic | b. | socialistic | c. | egalitarian | d. | backward | e. | static | | |
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28.
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In
areas that are marginal-that is, in areas where land is not suitable for farming-we would find which
of the following types of cultures? a. | horticulturalist | b. | pastoralist | c. | industrialist | d. | food foraging | e. | b and d | | |
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29.
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______________ society in the sixteenth century had a capital city with a population
five times the size of London at the same time. a. | Aztec | b. | Comanche | c. | Mekranoti | d. | Inca | e. | Mayan | | |
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30.
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_______________ is a feature of a food producing way of life which ultimately led to
occupational specialization and the rise of inequality. a. | an increase in leisure time | b. | the ability to accumulate
surpluses | c. | an increase in
intelligence resulting from a more stable food supply | d. | an increase in human natural variation in temperament and
ability as a result of a more mixed diet | e. | greater individual freedom | | |
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